南非前總統曼德拉逝世享年九十五歲
Nelson Mandela Dies at 95
(Partially excerpted from WSJ, Dec. 05, 2013) —Nelson Mandela, who rose from militant antiapartheid activist to become the unifying president of a democratic South Africa and a global symbol of racial reconciliation, died at his Johannesburg home following a lengthy stay at a Pretoria hospital, President Jacob Zuma said Thursday. He was 95.
南非現任總統祖馬於週四時宣佈，納爾遜・曼德拉經過了普利托里亞的一家醫院長期住院治療後，在約翰尼斯堡的家中去世，享年95歲。曼德拉曾是位積極投身反種族隔離制度的行動主義者，後來成為了實現民主團結的南非的總統。他同時也是全球種族和解的一個象徵。
'He passed on peacefully,' Mr. Zuma said in a state television address. 'This is a moment of our deepest sorrow. Our nation has lost its greatest son.'
祖馬在國家電視臺發表談話時表示：「他平靜地走了，而此時此刻的我們感到悲痛萬分。我們的國家失去了它最偉大的兒子。」
Mr. Mandela spent nearly three months in the hospital through September, initially to treat a lung infection. It was the latest in a series of increasingly severe ailments South Africa's first black president had battled since contracting tuberculosis during his nearly three decades in prison for opposing the former white-minority regime.
從九月以來的將近三個月，曼德拉起初因為肺部感染入院，其後一直在住院治療。這位南非首位黑人總統曾因反對少數白人執掌的前政府而入獄，在近30年的牢獄生涯中，曼德拉染上了肺結核，其後遂不斷地與一連串逐漸沉痾的病痛作對抗。
After he was discharged, South African officials had said that Mr. Mandela remained in 'critical but stable' condition. But some members of his family acknowledged his precarious state in recent days, even as an admiring nation and well-wishers across the globe started to come to terms with his mortality.
在曼德拉出院後，南非官員曾說，他仍處於「危急但穩定」的狀態。但隨著他的一些家人近日承認他的病情危急，對其充滿敬仰的全國人民及全球支持者們開始不得不接受他病危的事實。
Though Mr. Mandela had stepped down from the presidency in 1999, he remained a father figure for a country going through wrenching economic and political change. South Africa's economy has struggled to grow at a modest 2%, well below government targets of 7%, and unemployment among young people is close to 80%. In recent years, protests in predominantly black townships have erupted over poor public services and a dearth of job opportunities. Many young black South Africans, born after the dawn of democracy in 1994, are channeling their frustration toward the current government, led by Mr. Mandela's African National Congress.
儘管曼德拉1999年卸任總統之職，但對於經歷過經濟困頓和政治變革的南非來說，他仍是一個國父般的人物。南非的經濟成長率只有2%，遠遠低於政府所提出的7%目標，而年輕人的失業率則接近80%。近年來，在居民主要為黑人的城鎮中，由於貧乏的公共服務和就業機會的渺茫爆發了許多抗議活動。在南非，有很多於1994年實現民主制度後出生的黑皮膚年輕人開始將失望的情緒發洩到當前政府的頭上，也就是由曼德拉的非洲人國民大會黨。
It was as a prisoner that Mr. Mandela first became a rallying point for opponents of apartheid. After he was sentenced to life in prison in 1964, he spent more than a quarter-century behind bars, much of it in a maximum-security prison on Robben Island, off the coast of Cape Town.
曼德拉在獄中開始成為反種族隔離人士的焦點人物。1964年他被判終身監禁後，在獄中度過了超過四分之一個世紀的歲月，其中大部分時間被關押在開普敦附近羅本島上一個戒備森嚴的監獄裡。
By the time he was released from a different prison in 1990, the tables had been turned. South Africa had become a pariah nation and Mr. Mandela would lead his country's re-embrace of a world that had spurned its racist government.
到1990年他在另外一個監獄被釋放時，局勢已經扭轉。南非已經成為一個不受歡迎的國家，而曼德拉要領導他的國家重迎一個推翻了種族主義政府的世界。
With South African President F.W. de Klerk, whom he had met secretly with other apartheid officials in prison, Mr. Mandela would pick apart the machinery of white political domination through painstaking negotiations. Those negotiations laid the groundwork for the election in 1994 of the country's first black president-Mr. Mandela himself.
由於戴克拉克當時擔任南非總統，曼德拉願透過艱辛的談判來廢除這部白人統治政壇的機器。戴克拉克與其他反種族隔離官員曾在獄中秘密會見過曼德拉。那些談判為1994年南非誕生第一位黑人總統──也就是曼德拉本人，奠定了基礎。
Mr. Mandela inherited a fractured nation. He led it back from the brink of civil war, forming a government of national unity that demolished apartheid and established a constitution that is one of the most liberal in the world in terms of human rights-outlawing, for example, discrimination based on sexual orientation. South Africa later became the first country on the continent to legalize gay marriage.
曼德拉接手的是一個四分五裂的國家。他將這個國家從內戰的邊緣拉了回來，建立了一個全國統一的政府，廢除了種族隔離制度，也制定了新憲法。從人權的角度來說，這是世界上最自由的憲法之一，例如禁止以性取向來歧視他人。南非後來成為非洲大陸第一個將同性戀婚姻合法化的國家。
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission he championed hastened the end of racial conflict by granting amnesty in return for testimony, and became a model for ending seemingly intractable conflicts elsewhere. East Timor, Liberia and Peru were among the countries that would follow South Africa's example.
曼德拉支持的真相與和解委員會以特赦換真相的方式加速了南非種族衝突的終結，這也成了世界其它國家結束看似棘手衝突的模式。東帝汶、賴比瑞亞和秘魯都是眾多願意效仿南非的國家。
At the time, Mr. Mandela's tall task was, as he put it, to find the 'middle ground between white fears and black hopes.' But he also needed to reconcile disparate factions within his party, the African National Congress. Some influential ANC leaders wanted to take a tougher line against whites after triumphing at the ballot box, and some argued for a wealth tax to speed the redistribution of the country's resources, according to Verne Harris, a historian at the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, which houses the archives of the former president.
那個時候，曼德拉的艱鉅任務，用他自己的話來說就是，要找到「白色恐怖和黑色希望的中間地帶」。但同時他也需要調和ANC內部不同派系之間的矛盾。於存放這位前總統文件檔案資料的納爾遜・曼德拉回憶中心服務的歷史學家哈里斯表示，當時一些有影響力的ANC領袖希望在選舉獲勝後對白人採取更為強硬的態度，而另一些人則主張徵收財產稅以加速南非國民資源的再分配。
'There were many who argued the case for tough love-don't make it easy for them,' says Mr. Harris. 'Reconciliation was a beautiful fit for South Africa, but we forget that it wasn't the only approach being discussed at the time.'
哈里斯說，當時有很多人為「愛之深則應責之切」辯解，覺得不能便宜了他們。他說：「和解的確是適合南非的良方，但我們忘了，這並不是當時所探討的唯一一個法子。」
During his six decades in the public arena, Mr. Mandela wasn't above precipitous shifts in position. He initially put his faith in Gandhian nonviolence, but when strikes and protests began to seem futile, he founded a band of saboteurs. He believed in obedience to the party, but acted unilaterally at turning points in the struggle. He advocated nationalizing South Africa's mines, but changed his mind when the stance threatened to deprive a struggling economy of much-needed capital.
在其活躍於公眾領域的60年時間裡，曼德拉並不在乎其立場的急劇轉變。他最初相信甘地的非暴力不合作運動，但是在罷工和抗議看似徒勞之後，曼德拉組建了一支破壞者小隊。他認為應該忠誠於ANC，但在鬥爭出現轉捩點時卻採取了單方面行動。他主張將南非的礦山國有化，可是在這個主張可能會使南非舉步維艱的經濟喪失亟需的資本時，他也改變了態度。
Even occasional critics would come to see Mr. Mandela as the political glue that held his party, and later the country, together.
即使偶爾冒出來的一些曼德拉的批評者也開始把曼德拉看作是是凝聚ANC、甚至是後來凝聚整個南非的粘合劑。
Apartheid-era President de Klerk, who would serve as Mr. Mandela's deputy after the country's first democratic vote, said his former adversary 'could be brutal' in negotiations. But the pair, who shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for the country's democratic transition, were able to sell compromises to supporters who differed radically in outlook. Mr. de Klerk said in a 2012 speech that the six-foot-four-inch former boxer 'had the stature and the strength to hold his fractious alliance together-even at the most difficult junctures.'
南非種族隔離時代的總統、將在南非第一次民主選舉後就任曼德拉政府副總統的戴克拉克說，他以前的這個勁敵在談判時「可以很無情」。但他倆卻能讓將那些對前景看法截然不同的支持者們接受了和解方案。1993年，戴克拉克與曼德拉因促成南非的民主轉型共同獲頒了諾貝爾和平獎。戴克拉克在2012年的一次演講中說，這位身高六呎四吋的前拳擊手「即便是處在最困難的關頭，也有名望和力量將那些倔強的支持者團結在一起」。
'It would be very hard, if not impossible, for one man alone to resist,' Mr. Mandela later wrote in 'Long Walk to Freedom,' his autobiography. 'But the authorities' greatest mistake was to keep us together, for together our determination was reinforced.'
曼德拉後來在自傳《漫漫自由路》中寫道「獨自一人抵抗就算並非不可能，也會相當艱難。但當局最大的錯誤是將我們關在一起，因為在一起之後，我們的意志更堅定了」。
Mr. Mandela's greatest contribution was his decision to begin negotiations with the apartheid state while he was still in detention. The apartheid government, increasingly isolated internationally, was looking for a way out. South Africa kept negotiations secret, and Mr. Mandela didn't inform his ANC comrades.
曼德拉最偉大的貢獻是在他入獄期間決定開始與種族隔離政府談判。當時南非的種族隔離政府在國際上越來越孤立，正在尋求出路。在曼德拉並未告知他同黨同志下，南非的談判秘密進行。
'There are times when a leader must move out ahead of the flock, go off in a new direction, confident he is leading his people the right way,' he wrote in his memoir.
他在回憶錄中寫道「有時領導人必須比群體更快做出行動，前往新的方向，並堅信自己引領的是正確的道路」。
Five years of private meetings followed, with Mr. Mandela sitting down with various officials, and ultimately the president, Mr. de Klerk. In his opening speech to Parliament in 1990, Mr. de Klerk scrapped a ban on opposition parties and announced the release of political prisoners, including Mr. Mandela. Talks later began between Mr. de Klerk's Afrikaner-led government and opposition parties, including Mr. Mandela's African National Congress.
隨後是歷時五年的秘密談判，曼德拉面對眾多官員，最終與南非總統戴克拉克進行了談判。1990年，戴克拉克在向議會發表的開幕演說中取消了對反對黨的禁令，並宣佈釋放包括曼德拉在內的政治犯們。南非白人領導的戴克拉克政府和曼德拉領導的ANC等反對黨隨後展開了談判。
'The season of violence is over,' Mr. de Klerk said at the time. 'The time for reconstruction and reconciliation has arrived.'
戴克拉克當時宣稱：「靠暴力解決問題的時代一去不復返，重建以及和解的時刻已然到來。」
Mr. Mandela was released on Feb. 11, 1990, under a blue sky. He emerged from the prison gates and raised his fist to a roar from the crowds who had gathered to greet him.
曼德拉在1990年2月11日，這一個晴朗的日子，重新獲得了自由。他走出監獄大門，向聚集在門外歡呼迎接他的民眾舉起拳頭。
Many whites supported Mr. Mandela, and had joined protests for his release. But there remained unresolved anger from blacks over the apartheid state.
許多白人也支持曼德拉，加入了要求當局釋放曼德拉的抗議活動。即便如此，種族隔離的陰霾仍然籠罩在南非黑人的心頭。
Blacks continued to stage protests, while ethnic tensions also flared. At a time when Mr. Mandela had hoped officials could put aside distrust and differences, South Africa was swept up in violence. The violence derailed talks even before they began. Mr. Mandela balked at engaging the apartheid government after police in March 1990 fired on unarmed protesters outside Johannesburg, killing 12. Mr. Mandela said he told Mr. de Klerk he couldn't 'talk about negotiations on the one hand and murder our people on the other.' After a four-year transitional government, elections were held on April 27, 1994, open for the first time in South Africa's history to all men and women of voting age. Mr. Mandela was elected president.
南非的黑人繼續組織抗議活動，種族間的緊張關係一觸即發。當曼德拉希望政府摒棄相互猜忌與差異的時候，南非正陷入暴力衝突的混戰。對話的希望就這樣胎死腹中。1990年3月員警在約翰尼斯堡郊外朝手無寸鐵的抗議者射擊，造成12人喪生，這件事讓曼德拉拒絕與種族隔離政府接觸。曼德拉說，當時他告訴戴克拉克，一邊說要談判、一邊卻對人民痛下殺手，這樣的談判他做不到。在過渡政府運作四年之後，南非於1994年4月27日舉行大選，也是南非歷史上首次達到選舉年齡的男女都可參加的大選。曼德拉在此次選舉中獲選為南非總統。
Unlike many African leaders hailed as heroes and freedom fighters, Mr. Mandela stepped down from office after only one term. He established three foundations in his name, dedicated to tolerance and preserving the history of the antiapartheid fight.
與許多被譽為英雄和自由鬥士的非洲領導人不同，曼德拉只擔任了一屆總統便急流勇退。他以自己的名義成立了三個基金會，致力於保留南非反種族隔離鬥爭的歷史。
In the last years of his life, Mr. Mandela largely retreated from public view, spending time with his children and grandchildren in the rural village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape, not far from where he was born. The former political prisoner became the country's first black president, a transition that changed how the world viewed South Africa and how South Africans viewed themselves.
人生中的最後幾年曼德拉幾乎退離了眾人目光，在東開普省庫努的一個小鄉村裡含飴弄孫。此處離他出生之地不遠。這位成為南非首位黑人總統的前政治犯改變了世界看南非的方式，也扭轉了南非人對其自身的看法。
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